Procedural programming kya hota hai?

Procedural programming ek programming paradigm hai jisme programs ko procedures (ya functions) ka use karke likha jaata hai. Yeh paradigm program ko ek series of steps ya instructions ke sequence ke roop mein treat karta hai jo specific tasks complete karte hain. Procedural programming ko imperative programming ka subset mana jaata hai, kyunki isme instructions explicitly bataye jaate hain ki computer ko kya karna hai aur kaise karna hai.

Key Features of Procedural Programming:

• 1. Procedures/Functions: Code ko reusable functions aur procedures mein organize kiya jaata hai. Har function ek specific task ya set of tasks perform karta hai.
• 2. Sequence: Instructions sequentially execute hoti hain, matlab ek ke baad ek step-by-step instructions follow ki jaati hain.
• 3. Local and Global Variables: Functions apne local variables rakhte hain jo sirf us function ke scope mein hote hain, aur global variables jo pure program mein accessible hote hain.
• 4. Modularity: Code ko chhote, manageable modules ya functions mein tod diya jaata hai, jo readability aur maintainability badhata hai.
• 5. Parameter Passing: Functions arguments (parameters) lete hain aur results return karte hain, jo code reuse aur modularity ko promote karta hai.
• 6. Control Structures: Conditional statements (if, else), loops (for, while), aur other control structures use ki jaati hain program flow control karne ke liye.

Yeh ek simple C program ka example hai jo factorial of a number calculate karta hai:

        
#include 
          
// Function to calculate factorial
int factorial(int n) {
    if (n == 0 || n == 1)
        return 1;
    else
        return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

int main() {
    int number;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &number);

    printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", 
    number, factorial(number));

    return 0;
}
        
      

Is example mein, `factorial` function ek specific task perform karta hai aur `main` function program execution ka starting point hai.

• 1. Simplicity: Programs simple aur clear hoti hain, especially chhote programs ke liye.
• 2. Reusability: Functions aur procedures ko reusability badhati hai, jo baar-baar use hone wale code ko encapsulate karti hain.
• 3. Modularity: Code ko modules mein todne se debugging, testing, aur maintenance asaan ho jaati hai.
• 4. Ease of Understanding: Sequential flow aur clear structure ki wajah se new programmers ke liye seekhna asaan hota hai.

• 1. Difficulty in Managing Large Projects: Bahut bade aur complex projects manage karna mushkil ho sakta hai kyunki procedural code ko maintain aur scale karna challenging ho sakta hai.
• 2. Data Hiding: Data encapsulation aur hiding ka proper mechanism nahi hota, jo data ko unintended access aur modification se protect karna mushkil bana sakta hai.
• 3. Less Abstraction: Procedural programming mein abstraction ka level lower hota hai compared to object-oriented programming (OOP).

• - C
• - Pascal
• - Fortran
• - BASIC

Procedural programming paradigms kaafi foundational hain aur programming ki basic concepts ko understand karne mein madadgar hote hain.